Ah ha! Thank you, Jane for reminding about the epigenetics component. Couldn't remember were/why I read that article and now I remember it was for journal club. The article I was referencing is:
Heijmans BT, et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 4;105(44):17046-9.
Essentially, the study used historical data from the Dutch famine of 1994-1945 (strict rations were placed on the Netherlands during the German occupation). The daily rations started at about 1000 cals/day at the being of the occupation and were further restricted to about 500 cals/day closer to the end. The study separated the data into three groups: (1) people born or conceived during the famine (2) same-sex siblings born before or conceived after the famine (3) unrelated individuals - used as controls.
The researches look at the level of methylation of insulin growth factor 2 (IGF-2) (more methylation, less IGF-2), this hormone is important for proper growth and development, in the subjects almost six decades after the Dutch famine. The study found that those conceived during the Dutch hunger winter had less methylation of the IGF-2 gene compared to their unexposed same-sex siblings (ie: those in group 2 above). Those conceived during the famine also had impaired glucose tolerance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and higher rates of obesity in adulthood. The researchers theorize that these changes occur because the body attempts to be as efficient as possible in storing calories since nutrition/calories were scarce during development.
Sorry, for the essay. Just think it is very interesting, particularly of those who want children in the future. (Plus, I'm a genetics dork
).